diff --git a/.eslintrc.cjs b/.eslintrc.cjs
index 2413a2df2..5f46cdcab 100644
--- a/.eslintrc.cjs
+++ b/.eslintrc.cjs
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ module.exports = {
         "src/language-handlebars/**/*.js",
         "src/language-html/**/*.js",
         "src/language-js/**/*.js",
-        "src/language-markdown/**/*.js",
         "src/language-yaml/**/*.js",
         "src/main/**/*.js",
         "src/utils/**/*.js",
diff --git a/scripts/build/bundler.mjs b/scripts/build/bundler.mjs
index bdb0abc39..6a3327080 100644
--- a/scripts/build/bundler.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build/bundler.mjs
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ const packageJson = readJsonSync("../../package.json");
 
 const umdTarget = browserslistToEsbuild(packageJson.browserslist);
 const EMPTY_MODULE_REPLACEMENT = { contents: "" };
+const EXPORT_UNDEFINED_MODULE_REPLACEMENT = {
+  contents: "export default undefined",
+};
 
 function* getEsbuildOptions(bundle, buildOptions) {
   const replaceStrings = {
@@ -94,6 +97,10 @@ function* getEsbuildOptions(bundle, buildOptions) {
     ]) {
       replaceModule[path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, file)] = EMPTY_MODULE_REPLACEMENT;
     }
+    for (const file of ["src/language-markdown/parsers.js"]) {
+      replaceModule[path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, file)] =
+        EXPORT_UNDEFINED_MODULE_REPLACEMENT;
+    }
 
     // Prevent `esbuildPluginNodeModulePolyfills` include shim for this module
     replaceModule.assert = require.resolve("./shims/assert.cjs");
diff --git a/scripts/build/config.mjs b/scripts/build/config.mjs
index eae484fec..c5d735513 100644
--- a/scripts/build/config.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build/config.mjs
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ const parsers = [
         "inherits/inherits_browser.js"
       ),
     },
+    isEsm: true,
   },
   {
     input: "src/language-handlebars/parser-glimmer.js",
diff --git a/scripts/build/esbuild-plugins/evaluate.mjs b/scripts/build/esbuild-plugins/evaluate.mjs
index ba76a0159..3f78d00a6 100644
--- a/scripts/build/esbuild-plugins/evaluate.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build/esbuild-plugins/evaluate.mjs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 import createEsmUtils from "esm-utils";
 
-const { require } = createEsmUtils(import.meta);
+const { importModule } = createEsmUtils(import.meta);
 
 export default function esbuildPluginEvaluate() {
   return {
     name: "evaluate",
 
     setup(build) {
-      build.onLoad({ filter: /\.evaluate\.js$/ }, ({ path }) => {
-        const json = JSON.stringify(require(path), (_, v) => {
+      build.onLoad({ filter: /\.evaluate\.js$/ }, async ({ path }) => {
+        const data = await importModule(path);
+
+        const json = JSON.stringify(data, (_, v) => {
           if (typeof v === "function") {
             throw new TypeError("Cannot evaluate functions.");
           }
diff --git a/scripts/bundle-eslint-config.cjs b/scripts/bundle-eslint-config.cjs
index e1f3c4bb8..6729aab20 100644
--- a/scripts/bundle-eslint-config.cjs
+++ b/scripts/bundle-eslint-config.cjs
@@ -39,20 +39,21 @@ module.exports = {
         "compat/compat": "error",
       },
     },
-    {
-      files: ["index.js", "bin-prettier.js", "third-party.js"],
-      rules: {
-        "no-restricted-syntax": [
-          "error",
-          // Forbid top level `require()` parsers
-          {
-            selector:
-              'CallExpression:not(:function *)[callee.name="require"][arguments.0.value=/parser-/]',
-            message: "Parsers should be inline `require()`d.",
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-    },
+    // TODO[@fisker]: Find a way to inline `require` parsers
+    // {
+    //   files: ["index.js", "bin-prettier.js", "third-party.js"],
+    //   rules: {
+    //     "no-restricted-syntax": [
+    //       "error",
+    //       // Forbid top level `require()` parsers
+    //       {
+    //         selector:
+    //           'CallExpression:not(:function *)[callee.name="require"][arguments.0.value=/parser-/]',
+    //         message: "Parsers should be inline `require()`d.",
+    //       },
+    //     ],
+    //   },
+    // },
     {
       files: ["doc.js", "parser-*.js", "standalone.js"],
       rules: {
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/clean.js b/src/language-markdown/clean.js
index 60c3c7caa..52b718902 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/clean.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const { isFrontMatterNode } = require("../common/util.js");
-const { startWithPragma } = require("./pragma.js");
+import { isFrontMatterNode } from "../common/util.js";
+import { startWithPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 
 const ignoredProperties = new Set([
   "position",
@@ -74,4 +72,4 @@ function clean(ast, newObj, parent) {
 
 clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
 
-module.exports = clean;
+export default clean;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/constants.evaluate.js b/src/language-markdown/constants.evaluate.js
index 45c799f9e..8f3f14480 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/constants.evaluate.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/constants.evaluate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const cjkRegex = require("cjk-regex");
-const regexpUtil = require("regexp-util");
-const unicodeRegex = require("unicode-regex");
+import cjkRegex from "cjk-regex";
+import regexpUtil from "regexp-util";
+import unicodeRegex from "unicode-regex";
 
 const cjkPattern = `(?:${cjkRegex()
   .union(
@@ -51,8 +49,4 @@ const punctuationCharset = unicodeRegex({
 
 const punctuationPattern = punctuationCharset.toString();
 
-module.exports = {
-  cjkPattern,
-  kPattern,
-  punctuationPattern,
-};
+export { cjkPattern, kPattern, punctuationPattern };
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/embed.js b/src/language-markdown/embed.js
index 2f448c52d..7b93fd158 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/embed.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/embed.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const {
+import {
   inferParserByLanguage,
   getMaxContinuousCount,
-} = require("../common/util.js");
+} from "../common/util.js";
+import doc from "../document/index.js";
+import printFrontMatter from "../utils/front-matter/print.js";
+import { getFencedCodeBlockValue } from "./utils.js";
+
 const {
   builders: { hardline, markAsRoot },
   utils: { replaceEndOfLine },
-} = require("../document/index.js");
-const printFrontMatter = require("../utils/front-matter/print.js");
-const { getFencedCodeBlockValue } = require("./utils.js");
+} = doc;
 
 function embed(path, print, textToDoc, options) {
   const node = path.getValue();
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ function embed(path, print, textToDoc, options) {
   return null;
 }
 
-module.exports = embed;
+export default embed;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/index.js b/src/language-markdown/index.js
index 7d195073c..f8f38b177 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/index.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/index.js
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-"use strict";
+import { createRequire } from "module";
+import createLanguage from "../utils/create-language.js";
+import printer from "./printer-markdown.js";
+import options from "./options.js";
+import parsers from "./parsers.js";
 
-const createLanguage = require("../utils/create-language.js");
-const printer = require("./printer-markdown.js");
-const options = require("./options.js");
-const parsers = require("./parsers.js");
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
 
 const languages = [
   createLanguage(require("linguist-languages/data/Markdown.json"), (data) => ({
@@ -27,9 +28,11 @@ const printers = {
   mdast: printer,
 };
 
-module.exports = {
+const language = {
   languages,
   options,
   printers,
   parsers,
 };
+
+export default language;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/loc.js b/src/language-markdown/loc.js
index 097ca3b54..23c2bebd3 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/loc.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/loc.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-"use strict";
-
 function locStart(node) {
   return node.position.start.offset;
 }
@@ -8,4 +6,4 @@ function locEnd(node) {
   return node.position.end.offset;
 }
 
-module.exports = { locStart, locEnd };
+export { locStart, locEnd };
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/mdx.js b/src/language-markdown/mdx.js
index 4a39cdaf5..84e7629fc 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/mdx.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/mdx.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-"use strict";
-
 /**
  * modified from https://github.com/mdx-js/mdx/blob/master/packages/mdx
  *
@@ -75,8 +73,4 @@ function esSyntax() {
   inlineMethods.splice(inlineMethods.indexOf("text"), 0, "esComment");
 }
 
-module.exports = {
-  esSyntax,
-  BLOCKS_REGEX,
-  COMMENT_REGEX,
-};
+export { esSyntax, BLOCKS_REGEX, COMMENT_REGEX };
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/options.js b/src/language-markdown/options.js
index edb5fd4c4..fc5925d25 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/options.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/options.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const commonOptions = require("../common/common-options.js");
+import commonOptions from "../common/common-options.js";
 
 // format based on https://github.com/prettier/prettier/blob/main/src/main/core-options.js
-module.exports = {
+const options = {
   proseWrap: commonOptions.proseWrap,
   singleQuote: commonOptions.singleQuote,
 };
+
+export default options;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/package.json b/src/language-markdown/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 54d221724..000000000
--- a/src/language-markdown/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "//TODO": "Remove this file when we close #10157",
-  "type": "commonjs",
-  "description": "A package.json file to use `.js` files in this directory as CommonJS module."
-}
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/parser-markdown.js b/src/language-markdown/parser-markdown.js
index f5f1348a7..7e75d5c65 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/parser-markdown.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/parser-markdown.js
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const remarkParse = require("remark-parse");
-const unified = require("unified");
-const remarkMath = require("remark-math");
-const footnotes = require("remark-footnotes");
-const pragma = require("./pragma.js");
-const { locStart, locEnd } = require("./loc.js");
-const mdx = require("./mdx.js");
-const htmlToJsx = require("./unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js");
-const frontMatter = require("./unified-plugins/front-matter.js");
-const liquid = require("./unified-plugins/liquid.js");
-const wikiLink = require("./unified-plugins/wiki-link.js");
-const looseItems = require("./unified-plugins/loose-items.js");
+import remarkParse from "remark-parse";
+import unified from "unified";
+import remarkMath from "remark-math";
+import footnotes from "remark-footnotes";
+import { hasPragma } from "./pragma.js";
+import { locStart, locEnd } from "./loc.js";
+import { BLOCKS_REGEX, esSyntax } from "./mdx.js";
+import htmlToJsx from "./unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js";
+import frontMatter from "./unified-plugins/front-matter.js";
+import liquid from "./unified-plugins/liquid.js";
+import wikiLink from "./unified-plugins/wiki-link.js";
+import looseItems from "./unified-plugins/loose-items.js";
 
 /**
  * based on [MDAST](https://github.com/syntax-tree/mdast) with following modifications:
@@ -32,12 +30,12 @@ function createParse({ isMDX }) {
     const processor = unified()
       .use(remarkParse, {
         commonmark: true,
-        ...(isMDX && { blocks: [mdx.BLOCKS_REGEX] }),
+        ...(isMDX && { blocks: [BLOCKS_REGEX] }),
       })
       .use(footnotes)
       .use(frontMatter)
       .use(remarkMath)
-      .use(isMDX ? mdx.esSyntax : identity)
+      .use(isMDX ? esSyntax : identity)
       .use(liquid)
       .use(isMDX ? htmlToJsx : identity)
       .use(wikiLink)
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ function identity(x) {
 
 const baseParser = {
   astFormat: "mdast",
-  hasPragma: pragma.hasPragma,
+  hasPragma,
   locStart,
   locEnd,
 };
@@ -61,10 +59,12 @@ const markdownParser = { ...baseParser, parse: createParse({ isMDX: false }) };
 
 const mdxParser = { ...baseParser, parse: createParse({ isMDX: true }) };
 
-module.exports = {
+const markdown = {
   parsers: {
     remark: markdownParser,
     markdown: markdownParser,
     mdx: mdxParser,
   },
 };
+
+export default markdown;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/parsers.js b/src/language-markdown/parsers.js
index 333e56cd6..27546c0e2 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/parsers.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/parsers.js
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-"use strict";
+import markdownParser from "./parser-markdown.js";
 
-module.exports = {
+const parsers = {
   /* istanbul ignore next */
   get remark() {
-    return require("./parser-markdown.js").parsers.remark;
+    return markdownParser.parsers.remark;
   },
   get markdown() {
-    return require("./parser-markdown.js").parsers.remark;
+    return markdownParser.parsers.remark;
   },
   get mdx() {
-    return require("./parser-markdown.js").parsers.mdx;
+    return markdownParser.parsers.mdx;
   },
 };
+
+export default parsers;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/pragma.js b/src/language-markdown/pragma.js
index 463751b8d..e985e2a8c 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/pragma.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/pragma.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const parseFrontMatter = require("../utils/front-matter/parse.js");
+import parseFrontMatter from "../utils/front-matter/parse.js";
 
 const pragmas = ["format", "prettier"];
 
@@ -18,15 +16,15 @@ function startWithPragma(text) {
   return matched && matched.index === 0;
 }
 
-module.exports = {
-  startWithPragma,
-  hasPragma: (text) =>
-    startWithPragma(parseFrontMatter(text).content.trimStart()),
-  insertPragma: (text) => {
-    const extracted = parseFrontMatter(text);
-    const pragma = `<!-- @${pragmas[0]} -->`;
-    return extracted.frontMatter
-      ? `${extracted.frontMatter.raw}\n\n${pragma}\n\n${extracted.content}`
-      : `${pragma}\n\n${extracted.content}`;
-  },
+const hasPragma = (text) =>
+  startWithPragma(parseFrontMatter(text).content.trimStart());
+
+const insertPragma = (text) => {
+  const extracted = parseFrontMatter(text);
+  const pragma = `<!-- @${pragmas[0]} -->`;
+  return extracted.frontMatter
+    ? `${extracted.frontMatter.raw}\n\n${pragma}\n\n${extracted.content}`
+    : `${pragma}\n\n${extracted.content}`;
 };
+
+export { startWithPragma, hasPragma, insertPragma };
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/print-preprocess.js b/src/language-markdown/print-preprocess.js
index fa1b04335..cfd903fe9 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/print-preprocess.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/print-preprocess.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const getLast = require("../utils/get-last.js");
-const { getOrderedListItemInfo, mapAst, splitText } = require("./utils.js");
+import getLast from "../utils/get-last.js";
+import { getOrderedListItemInfo, mapAst, splitText } from "./utils.js";
 
 // 0x0 ~ 0x10ffff
 const isSingleCharRegex = /^.$/su;
@@ -271,4 +269,4 @@ function markAlignedList(ast, options) {
   }
 }
 
-module.exports = preprocess;
+export default preprocess;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/printer-markdown.js b/src/language-markdown/printer-markdown.js
index 1cd5f82ca..3d4d92232 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/printer-markdown.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/printer-markdown.js
@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const {
+import {
   getLast,
   getMinNotPresentContinuousCount,
   getMaxContinuousCount,
   getStringWidth,
   isNonEmptyArray,
-} = require("../common/util.js");
+} from "../common/util.js";
+import doc from "../document/index.js";
+import embed from "./embed.js";
+import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
+import { locStart, locEnd } from "./loc.js";
+import preprocess from "./print-preprocess.js";
+import clean from "./clean.js";
+import {
+  getFencedCodeBlockValue,
+  hasGitDiffFriendlyOrderedList,
+  splitText,
+  punctuationPattern,
+  INLINE_NODE_TYPES,
+  INLINE_NODE_WRAPPER_TYPES,
+  isAutolink,
+} from "./utils.js";
+
 const {
   builders: {
     breakParent,
@@ -25,21 +39,7 @@ const {
   },
   utils: { normalizeDoc, replaceTextEndOfLine },
   printer: { printDocToString },
-} = require("../document/index.js");
-const embed = require("./embed.js");
-const { insertPragma } = require("./pragma.js");
-const { locStart, locEnd } = require("./loc.js");
-const preprocess = require("./print-preprocess.js");
-const clean = require("./clean.js");
-const {
-  getFencedCodeBlockValue,
-  hasGitDiffFriendlyOrderedList,
-  splitText,
-  punctuationPattern,
-  INLINE_NODE_TYPES,
-  INLINE_NODE_WRAPPER_TYPES,
-  isAutolink,
-} = require("./utils.js");
+} = doc;
 
 /**
  * @typedef {import("../document").Doc} Doc
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ function hasPrettierIgnore(path) {
   return isPrettierIgnore(prevNode) === "next";
 }
 
-module.exports = {
+const printer = {
   preprocess,
   print: genericPrint,
   embed,
@@ -923,3 +923,5 @@ module.exports = {
   hasPrettierIgnore,
   insertPragma,
 };
+
+export default printer;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/front-matter.js b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/front-matter.js
index b941178c8..402d1b50f 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/front-matter.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/front-matter.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const parseFrontMatter = require("../../utils/front-matter/parse.js");
+import parseFrontMatter from "../../utils/front-matter/parse.js";
 
 function frontMatter() {
   const proto = this.Parser.prototype;
@@ -17,4 +15,4 @@ function frontMatter() {
   tokenizer.onlyAtStart = true;
 }
 
-module.exports = frontMatter;
+export default frontMatter;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js
index c61beb759..0b952d28a 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/html-to-jsx.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const mdx = require("../mdx.js");
-const { mapAst, INLINE_NODE_WRAPPER_TYPES } = require("../utils.js");
+import { COMMENT_REGEX } from "../mdx.js";
+import { mapAst, INLINE_NODE_WRAPPER_TYPES } from "../utils.js";
 
 function htmlToJsx() {
   return (ast) =>
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@ function htmlToJsx() {
       if (
         node.type !== "html" ||
         // Keep HTML-style comments (legacy MDX)
-        mdx.COMMENT_REGEX.test(node.value) ||
+        COMMENT_REGEX.test(node.value) ||
         INLINE_NODE_WRAPPER_TYPES.includes(parent.type)
       ) {
         return node;
@@ -18,4 +16,4 @@ function htmlToJsx() {
     });
 }
 
-module.exports = htmlToJsx;
+export default htmlToJsx;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/liquid.js b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/liquid.js
index 0be6b7641..3d5889c81 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/liquid.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/liquid.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-"use strict";
-
 function liquid() {
   const proto = this.Parser.prototype;
   const methods = proto.inlineMethods;
@@ -21,4 +19,4 @@ function liquid() {
   };
 }
 
-module.exports = liquid;
+export default liquid;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/loose-items.js b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/loose-items.js
index 12e1fa144..c718a2462 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/loose-items.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/loose-items.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-"use strict";
-
 function looseItems() {
   const proto = this.Parser.prototype;
   const originalList = proto.blockTokenizers.list;
@@ -32,4 +30,4 @@ function looseItems() {
   };
 }
 
-module.exports = looseItems;
+export default looseItems;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/wiki-link.js b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/wiki-link.js
index 53b6e263f..ef88f5855 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/wiki-link.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/unified-plugins/wiki-link.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-"use strict";
-
 function wikiLink() {
   const entityType = "wikiLink";
   const wikiLinkRegex = /^\[\[(?<linkContents>.+?)]]/s;
@@ -26,4 +24,4 @@ function wikiLink() {
   };
 }
 
-module.exports = wikiLink;
+export default wikiLink;
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/utils.js b/src/language-markdown/utils.js
index 1cc85e2bf..f907a4079 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/utils.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/utils.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-"use strict";
-
-const { getLast } = require("../common/util.js");
-const { locStart, locEnd } = require("./loc.js");
-const {
+import { getLast } from "../common/util.js";
+import { locStart, locEnd } from "./loc.js";
+import {
   cjkPattern,
   kPattern,
   punctuationPattern,
-} = require("./constants.evaluate.js");
+} from "./constants.evaluate.js";
 
 const INLINE_NODE_TYPES = [
   "liquidNode",
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@ function isAutolink(node) {
   );
 }
 
-module.exports = {
+export {
   mapAst,
   splitText,
   punctuationPattern,
diff --git a/src/languages.js b/src/languages.js
index 289756b09..a94e969c5 100644
--- a/src/languages.js
+++ b/src/languages.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { createRequire } from "module";
 
+import markdown from "./language-markdown/index.js";
+
 const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
 
 // We need to list the parsers and getters so we can load them only when necessary.
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ const languages = [
   // GraphQL
   require("./language-graphql/index.js"),
   // Markdown
-  require("./language-markdown/index.js"),
+  markdown,
   // HTML
   require("./language-html/index.js"),
   // YAML