diff --git a/src/main/comments/attach.js b/src/main/comments/attach.js
index 6bdbe673f..93a2e10d7 100644
--- a/src/main/comments/attach.js
+++ b/src/main/comments/attach.js
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import * as assert from "#universal/assert";
 import { getChildren } from "../../utils/ast-utils.js";
 import hasNewline from "../../utils/has-newline.js";
 import isNonEmptyArray from "../../utils/is-non-empty-array.js";
-import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "../create-get-visitor-keys-function.js";
 import {
   addDanglingComment,
   addLeadingComment,
@@ -20,13 +19,10 @@ function getSortedChildNodes(node, options, ancestors) {
   }
 
   const {
-    printer: {
-      getCommentChildNodes,
-      canAttachComment,
-      getVisitorKeys: printerGetVisitorKeys,
-    },
+    printer: { getCommentChildNodes, canAttachComment },
     locStart,
     locEnd,
+    getVisitorKeys,
   } = options;
 
   if (!canAttachComment) {
@@ -36,9 +32,7 @@ function getSortedChildNodes(node, options, ancestors) {
   let childAncestors;
   const childNodes = (
     getCommentChildNodes?.(node, options) ?? [
-      ...getChildren(node, {
-        getVisitorKeys: createGetVisitorKeysFunction(printerGetVisitorKeys),
-      }),
+      ...getChildren(node, { getVisitorKeys }),
     ]
   ).flatMap((child) => {
     childAncestors ??= [node, ...ancestors];
diff --git a/src/main/create-print-pre-check-function.js b/src/main/create-print-pre-check-function.js
index ff389be35..352cd603b 100644
--- a/src/main/create-print-pre-check-function.js
+++ b/src/main/create-print-pre-check-function.js
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 import noop from "../utils/noop.js";
-import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "./create-get-visitor-keys-function.js";
 
 function createPrintPreCheckFunction(options) {
   // All core plugins have full list of keys for possible child nodes
   // Ensure we only pass node to `print`
-  const getVisitorKeys = createGetVisitorKeysFunction(
-    options.printer.getVisitorKeys,
-  );
+  const { getVisitorKeys } = options;
 
   return function (path) {
     if (path.isRoot) {
diff --git a/src/main/get-cursor-node.js b/src/main/get-cursor-node.js
index c6bffb4d1..487b295e6 100644
--- a/src/main/get-cursor-node.js
+++ b/src/main/get-cursor-node.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { getChildren, getDescendants, isLeaf } from "../utils/ast-utils.js";
-import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "./create-get-visitor-keys-function.js";
 
 /**
  * Find the location of the cursor in the AST, represented in one of the
@@ -18,10 +17,7 @@ import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "./create-get-visitor-keys-function.js"
  * the other possibilities otherwise.
  */
 function getCursorLocation(ast, options) {
-  const { cursorOffset, locStart, locEnd } = options;
-  const getVisitorKeys = createGetVisitorKeysFunction(
-    options.printer.getVisitorKeys,
-  );
+  const { cursorOffset, locStart, locEnd, getVisitorKeys } = options;
 
   const nodeContainsCursor = (node) =>
     locStart(node) <= cursorOffset && locEnd(node) >= cursorOffset;
diff --git a/src/main/massage-ast.js b/src/main/massage-ast.js
index 553c8733b..f1d6f8122 100644
--- a/src/main/massage-ast.js
+++ b/src/main/massage-ast.js
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
+import isObject from "../utils/is-object.js";
 import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "./create-get-visitor-keys-function.js";
 
 function massageAst(ast, options) {
-  const {
-    printer: {
-      massageAstNode: cleanFunction,
-      getVisitorKeys: printerGetVisitorKeys,
-    },
-  } = options;
+  const cleanFunction = options.printer.massageAstNode;
 
   if (!cleanFunction) {
     return ast;
   }
 
-  const getVisitorKeys = createGetVisitorKeysFunction(printerGetVisitorKeys);
-  const ignoredProperties = cleanFunction.ignoredProperties ?? new Set();
+  const getVisitorKeys =
+    options.getVisitorKeys ??
+    createGetVisitorKeysFunction(options.printer.getVisitorKeys);
+  const { ignoredProperties } = cleanFunction;
 
   return recurse(ast);
 
   function recurse(original, parent) {
-    if (!(original !== null && typeof original === "object")) {
+    if (!isObject(original)) {
       return original;
     }
 
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ function massageAst(ast, options) {
     const cloned = {};
     const childrenKeys = new Set(getVisitorKeys(original));
     for (const key in original) {
-      if (!Object.hasOwn(original, key) || ignoredProperties.has(key)) {
+      if (!Object.hasOwn(original, key) || ignoredProperties?.has(key)) {
         continue;
       }
 
diff --git a/src/main/multiparser.js b/src/main/multiparser.js
index dc048345a..a408045b4 100644
--- a/src/main/multiparser.js
+++ b/src/main/multiparser.js
@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@ async function printEmbeddedLanguages(
 ) {
   const {
     embeddedLanguageFormatting,
-    printer: {
-      embed,
-      hasPrettierIgnore = () => false,
-      getVisitorKeys: printerGetVisitorKeys,
-    },
+    printer: { embed, hasPrettierIgnore = () => false },
   } = options;
 
   if (!embed || embeddedLanguageFormatting !== "auto") {
@@ -31,9 +27,10 @@ async function printEmbeddedLanguages(
     );
   }
 
-  const getVisitorKeys = createGetVisitorKeysFunction(
-    embed.getVisitorKeys ?? printerGetVisitorKeys,
-  );
+  const getVisitorKeys = embed.getVisitorKeys
+    ? createGetVisitorKeysFunction(embed.getVisitorKeys)
+    : options.getVisitorKeys;
+
   const embedCallResults = [];
 
   recurse();
diff --git a/src/main/normalize-format-options.js b/src/main/normalize-format-options.js
index c2524bd4c..b9ea5e356 100644
--- a/src/main/normalize-format-options.js
+++ b/src/main/normalize-format-options.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { UndefinedParserError } from "../common/errors.js";
 import { getSupportInfo } from "../main/support.js";
 import inferParser from "../utils/infer-parser.js";
+import createGetVisitorKeysFunction from "./create-get-visitor-keys-function.js";
 import normalizeOptions from "./normalize-options.js";
 import {
   getParserPluginByParserName,
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ const formatOptionsHiddenDefaults = {
   originalText: undefined,
   locStart: null,
   locEnd: null,
+  getVisitorKeys: null,
 };
 
 // Copy options and fill in default values.
@@ -68,6 +70,9 @@ async function normalizeFormatOptions(options, opts = {}) {
   const printer = await initPrinter(printerPlugin, parser.astFormat);
 
   rawOptions.printer = printer;
+  rawOptions.getVisitorKeys = createGetVisitorKeysFunction(
+    printer.getVisitorKeys,
+  );
 
   const pluginDefaults = printerPlugin.defaultOptions
     ? Object.fromEntries(