diff --git a/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/massage-ast-parameter-names.js b/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/massage-ast-parameter-names.js
index aa27cfd7e..f88018d3e 100644
--- a/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/massage-ast-parameter-names.js
+++ b/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/massage-ast-parameter-names.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const massageAstFunctionSelector = [
   "[async!=true]",
   "[generator!=true]",
   '[id.type="Identifier"]',
-  '[id.name="clean"]',
+  '[id.name="massageAstNode"]',
 ].join("");
 
 const getVariableIdentifiers = ({ identifiers, references }) => [
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export default {
   },
   create: (context) =>
     Object.fromEntries(
-      ["original", "cloned"].map((name, index) => [
+      ["original", "cloned", "parent"].map((name, index) => [
         `${massageAstFunctionSelector} > Identifier[name!="${name}"].params:nth-child(${index + 1})`,
         (parameter) => {
           const variables = context.sourceCode.getDeclaredVariables(
diff --git a/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/test.js b/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/test.js
index 946984ff3..bc2a0b768 100644
--- a/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/test.js
+++ b/scripts/tools/eslint-plugin-prettier-internal-rules/test.js
@@ -946,18 +946,26 @@ test("prefer-ast-path-getters", {
 
 test("massage-ast-parameter-names", {
   valid: [
-    "function notNamedClean(a, b) {}",
-    "function clean(original, cloned) {}",
+    "function notMatchedName(a, b) {}",
+    "function massageAstNode(original, cloned) {}",
   ],
   invalid: [
     {
-      code: "function clean(theOriginalNode, cloned) {delete theOriginalNode.property}",
-      output: "function clean(original, cloned) {delete original.property}",
+      code: "function massageAstNode(theOriginalNode, cloned) {delete theOriginalNode.property}",
+      output:
+        "function massageAstNode(original, cloned) {delete original.property}",
       errors: 1,
     },
     {
-      code: "function clean(original, theClonedNode) {delete theClonedNode.property}",
-      output: "function clean(original, cloned) {delete cloned.property}",
+      code: "function massageAstNode(original, theClonedNode) {delete theClonedNode.property}",
+      output:
+        "function massageAstNode(original, cloned) {delete cloned.property}",
+      errors: 1,
+    },
+    {
+      code: "function massageAstNode(original, cloned, theParentNode) {delete theParentNode.property}",
+      output:
+        "function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {delete parent.property}",
       errors: 1,
     },
   ],
diff --git a/src/language-css/clean.js b/src/language-css/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 96%
rename from src/language-css/clean.js
rename to src/language-css/massage-ast/index.js
index edb198875..bb02ae593 100644
--- a/src/language-css/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-css/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isFrontMatter } from "../main/front-matter/index.js";
+import { isFrontMatter } from "../../main/front-matter/index.js";
 
 const ignoredProperties = new Set([
   "raw", // front-matter
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ const ignoredProperties = new Set([
   "spaces",
 ]);
 
-function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {
   if (
     original.type === "css-comment" &&
     parent.type === "css-root" &&
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
   }
 }
 
-clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
 
 function cleanCSSStrings(value) {
   return value.replaceAll("'", '"').replaceAll(/\\([^\da-f])/gi, "$1");
 }
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-css/printer-postcss.js b/src/language-css/printer-postcss.js
index ad504908c..80990134e 100644
--- a/src/language-css/printer-postcss.js
+++ b/src/language-css/printer-postcss.js
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ import {
 import isNonEmptyArray from "../utilities/is-non-empty-array.js";
 import printString from "../utilities/print-string.js";
 import UnexpectedNodeError from "../utilities/unexpected-node-error.js";
-import clean from "./clean.js";
 import embed from "./embed.js";
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
 import { locEnd, locStart } from "./loc.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import printCommaSeparatedValueGroup from "./print/comma-separated-value-group.js";
 import {
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ const printer = {
   print: genericPrint,
   embed,
   insertPragma,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   getVisitorKeys,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/language-graphql/massage-ast/index.js b/src/language-graphql/massage-ast/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6844f176b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/language-graphql/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned /* , parent */) {
+  // We print single line `""" string """` as multiple line string,
+  // and the parser ignores space in multiple line string
+  if (
+    original.kind === "StringValue" &&
+    original.block &&
+    !original.value.includes("\n")
+  ) {
+    cloned.value = original.value.trim();
+  }
+}
+
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = new Set(["loc", "comments"]);
+
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-graphql/printer-graphql.js b/src/language-graphql/printer-graphql.js
index 129a0f1c8..896f4a11b 100644
--- a/src/language-graphql/printer-graphql.js
+++ b/src/language-graphql/printer-graphql.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import isNonEmptyArray from "../utilities/is-non-empty-array.js";
 import UnexpectedNodeError from "../utilities/unexpected-node-error.js";
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
 import { locEnd, locStart } from "./loc.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import printDescription from "./print/description.js";
 
@@ -491,19 +492,6 @@ function printVariableDefinitions(path, print) {
   ]);
 }
 
-function clean(original, cloned /* , parent */) {
-  // We print single line `""" string """` as multiple line string,
-  // and the parser ignores space in multiple line string
-  if (
-    original.kind === "StringValue" &&
-    original.block &&
-    !original.value.includes("\n")
-  ) {
-    cloned.value = original.value.trim();
-  }
-}
-clean.ignoredProperties = new Set(["loc", "comments"]);
-
 function hasPrettierIgnore(path) {
   const { node } = path;
   return node?.comments?.some(
@@ -513,7 +501,7 @@ function hasPrettierIgnore(path) {
 
 const printer = {
   print: genericPrint,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   hasPrettierIgnore,
   insertPragma,
   printComment,
diff --git a/src/language-handlebars/clean.js b/src/language-handlebars/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 83%
rename from src/language-handlebars/clean.js
rename to src/language-handlebars/massage-ast/index.js
index a6b229145..76aa5f3f8 100644
--- a/src/language-handlebars/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-handlebars/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import htmlWhitespace from "../utilities/html-whitespace.js";
+import htmlWhitespace from "../../utilities/html-whitespace.js";
 
-function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {
   // (Glimmer/HTML) ignore TextNode
   if (original.type === "TextNode") {
     const trimmed = original.chars.trim();
@@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
   }
 }
 
-clean.ignoredProperties = new Set(["loc", "selfClosing"]);
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = new Set(["loc", "selfClosing"]);
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-handlebars/printer-glimmer.js b/src/language-handlebars/printer-glimmer.js
index 49fe24c78..377ecd5e7 100644
--- a/src/language-handlebars/printer-glimmer.js
+++ b/src/language-handlebars/printer-glimmer.js
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import { getPreferredQuote } from "../utilities/get-preferred-quote.js";
 import htmlWhitespace from "../utilities/html-whitespace.js";
 import isNonEmptyArray from "../utilities/is-non-empty-array.js";
 import UnexpectedNodeError from "../utilities/unexpected-node-error.js";
-import clean from "./clean.js";
 import embed from "./embed.js";
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
 import { locEnd, locStart } from "./loc.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import {
   hasPrettierIgnore,
   isVoidElement,
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ const printer = {
     },
   },
   print,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   hasPrettierIgnore,
   getVisitorKeys,
   embed,
diff --git a/src/language-html/clean.js b/src/language-html/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 95%
rename from src/language-html/clean.js
rename to src/language-html/massage-ast/index.js
index b9491ba3a..e0976edb2 100644
--- a/src/language-html/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-html/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const embeddedAngularControlFlowBlocks = new Set([
   "case",
 ]);
 
-function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {
   if (original.kind === "text" || original.kind === "comment") {
     return null;
   }
@@ -103,6 +103,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
   }
 }
 
-clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-html/printer-html.js b/src/language-html/printer-html.js
index e0cd1ea8e..d1caf98e1 100644
--- a/src/language-html/printer-html.js
+++ b/src/language-html/printer-html.js
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ import {
 import { getPreferredQuote } from "../utilities/get-preferred-quote.js";
 import htmlWhitespace from "../utilities/html-whitespace.js";
 import UnexpectedNodeError from "../utilities/unexpected-node-error.js";
-import clean from "./clean.js";
 import embed from "./embed.js";
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
 import { locEnd, locStart } from "./loc.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import {
   printAngularControlFlowBlock,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ const printer = {
   preprocess,
   print: genericPrint,
   insertPragma,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   embed,
   getVisitorKeys,
 };
diff --git a/src/language-js/clean/chain-expression.js b/src/language-js/massage-ast/chain-expression.js
similarity index 85%
rename from src/language-js/clean/chain-expression.js
rename to src/language-js/massage-ast/chain-expression.js
index a478360af..3d0e9ab0c 100644
--- a/src/language-js/clean/chain-expression.js
+++ b/src/language-js/massage-ast/chain-expression.js
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ import {
 @import {Node} from "../types/estree.js"
 */
 
-function cleanChainExpression(cloned, original) {
+/**
+@param {Node} original
+@param {any} cloned
+*/
+function cleanChainExpression(original, cloned) {
   // We don't add parentheses to `(a?.b)?.c`
   if (original.type === "ChainExpression") {
     cleanEstreeChainExpression(cloned);
@@ -22,6 +26,9 @@ function cleanChainExpression(cloned, original) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+@param {Node} node
+*/
 function getChainElementProperty(node) {
   if (isMemberExpression(node)) {
     return "object";
@@ -36,6 +43,9 @@ function getChainElementProperty(node) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+@param {Node} node
+*/
 function getChainElement(node) {
   const property = getChainElementProperty(node);
   if (property) {
@@ -43,6 +53,9 @@ function getChainElement(node) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+@param {Node} node
+*/
 function cleanEstreeChainExpression(node) {
   for (
     node = getChainElement(node);
@@ -59,12 +72,16 @@ function cleanEstreeChainExpression(node) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+@param {Node} node
+*/
 function cleanBabelChainExpression(node) {
   for (
     node = getChainElement(node);
     node.type === "MemberExpression" || node.type === "CallExpression";
     node = getChainElement(node)
   ) {
+    // @ts-expect-error -- intentionally to mutate
     node.type = `Optional${node.type}`;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/language-js/clean.js b/src/language-js/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 74%
rename from src/language-js/clean.js
rename to src/language-js/massage-ast/index.js
index 563f3ebb8..0c68f01da 100644
--- a/src/language-js/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-js/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-import { cleanChainExpression } from "./clean/chain-expression.js";
 import {
   isArrayExpression,
   isBigIntLiteral,
   isMeaningfulEmptyStatement,
-  isNumericLiteral,
   isStringLiteral,
-} from "./utilities/index.js";
+} from "../utilities/index.js";
+import { cleanChainExpression } from "./chain-expression.js";
+import { cleanKey } from "./key.js";
+import { cleanRegExpLiteral } from "./regexp-literal.js";
 
 /**
-@import {Node} from "./types/estree.js"
+@import {Node} from "../types/estree.js"
 */
 
 const ignoredProperties = new Set([
@@ -35,27 +36,25 @@ const removeTemplateElementsValue = (node) => {
   }
 };
 
-function cleanKey(cloned, original, property) {
-  const key = original[property];
-  if (isStringLiteral(key) || isNumericLiteral(key)) {
-    cloned[property] = String(key.value);
-  }
-
-  if (key.type === "Identifier") {
-    cloned[property] = key.name;
-  }
-}
-
 /**
 @param {Node} original
 @param {any} cloned
 @param {Node | undefined} parent
 */
-function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {
   if (original.type === "Program") {
     delete cloned.sourceType;
   }
 
+  // We don't add parentheses to `(a?.b)?.c`
+  cleanChainExpression(original, cloned);
+
+  // We quote/unquote keys
+  cleanKey(original, cloned);
+
+  // We sort regex flags
+  cleanRegExpLiteral(original, cloned);
+
   if (
     (isBigIntLiteral(original) ||
       original.type === "BigIntLiteralTypeAnnotation") &&
@@ -64,14 +63,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
     cloned.bigint = original.bigint.toLowerCase();
   }
 
-  if (original.type === "RegExpLiteral") {
-    cloned.flags = [...original.flags].sort().join("");
-  }
-
-  if (original.type === "Literal" && "regex" in original) {
-    cloned.regex.flags = [...original.regex.flags].sort().join("");
-  }
-
   // We remove extra `;` and add them when needed
   if (
     original.type === "EmptyStatement" &&
@@ -93,33 +84,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
     return null;
   }
 
-  // We change {'key': value} into {key: value}.
-  // And {key: value} into {'key': value}.
-  // Also for (some) number keys.
-  if (
-    (original.type === "Property" ||
-      original.type === "ObjectProperty" ||
-      original.type === "MethodDefinition" ||
-      original.type === "ClassProperty" ||
-      original.type === "ClassMethod" ||
-      original.type === "PropertyDefinition" ||
-      original.type === "TSDeclareMethod" ||
-      original.type === "TSPropertySignature" ||
-      original.type === "TSMethodSignature" ||
-      original.type === "ObjectTypeProperty" ||
-      original.type === "ImportAttribute" ||
-      original.type === "RecordDeclarationProperty" ||
-      original.type === "RecordDeclarationStaticProperty") &&
-    // @ts-expect-error -- safe
-    !original.computed
-  ) {
-    cleanKey(cloned, original, "key");
-  }
-
-  if (original.type === "TSEnumMember") {
-    cleanKey(cloned, original, "id");
-  }
-
   // Remove raw and cooked values from TemplateElement when it's CSS
   // styled-jsx
   if (
@@ -224,9 +188,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
     removeTemplateElementsValue(cloned);
   }
 
-  // We don't add parentheses to `(a?.b)?.c`
-  cleanChainExpression(cloned, original);
-
   // https://github.com/babel/babel/issues/17719
   if (
     (original.type === "ClassDeclaration" ||
@@ -243,6 +204,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
   }
 }
 
-clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-js/massage-ast/key.js b/src/language-js/massage-ast/key.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beefa7dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/language-js/massage-ast/key.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { isNumericLiteral, isStringLiteral } from "../utilities/index.js";
+
+/**
+@import {Node} from "../types/estree.js"
+*/
+
+function cleanNodeKey(cloned, original, property) {
+  const key = original[property];
+  if (isStringLiteral(key) || isNumericLiteral(key)) {
+    cloned[property] = String(key.value);
+  }
+
+  if (key.type === "Identifier") {
+    cloned[property] = key.name;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+@param {Node} original
+@param {any} cloned
+*/
+function cleanKey(original, cloned) {
+  // We change {'key': value} into {key: value}.
+  // And {key: value} into {'key': value}.
+  // Also for (some) number keys.
+  if (
+    (original.type === "Property" ||
+      original.type === "ObjectProperty" ||
+      original.type === "MethodDefinition" ||
+      original.type === "ClassProperty" ||
+      original.type === "ClassMethod" ||
+      original.type === "PropertyDefinition" ||
+      original.type === "TSDeclareMethod" ||
+      original.type === "TSPropertySignature" ||
+      original.type === "TSMethodSignature" ||
+      original.type === "ObjectTypeProperty" ||
+      original.type === "ImportAttribute" ||
+      original.type === "RecordDeclarationProperty" ||
+      original.type === "RecordDeclarationStaticProperty") &&
+    // @ts-expect-error -- safe
+    !original.computed
+  ) {
+    cleanNodeKey(cloned, original, "key");
+  }
+
+  if (original.type === "TSEnumMember") {
+    cleanNodeKey(cloned, original, "id");
+  }
+}
+
+export { cleanKey };
diff --git a/src/language-js/massage-ast/regexp-literal.js b/src/language-js/massage-ast/regexp-literal.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df7017a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/language-js/massage-ast/regexp-literal.js
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/**
+@import {Node} from "../types/estree.js"
+*/
+
+/**
+@param {Node} original
+@param {any} cloned
+*/
+function cleanRegExpLiteral(original, cloned) {
+  if (original.type === "RegExpLiteral") {
+    cloned.flags = [...original.flags].sort().join("");
+  }
+
+  if (original.type === "Literal" && "regex" in original) {
+    cloned.regex.flags = [...original.regex.flags].sort().join("");
+  }
+}
+
+export { cleanRegExpLiteral };
diff --git a/src/language-js/printers.js b/src/language-js/printers.js
index b8fbc5ec1..99e37546f 100644
--- a/src/language-js/printers.js
+++ b/src/language-js/printers.js
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ const features = {
   // TODO: Make this default behavior
   experimental_avoidAstMutation: true,
 };
-import massageAstNode from "./clean.js";
 import canAttachComment from "./comments/can-attach-comment.js";
 import handleComments from "./comments/handle-comments.js";
 import isGap from "./comments/is-gap.js";
 import willPrintOwnComments from "./comments/will-print-own-comments.js";
 import embed from "./embed/index.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import { printComment } from "./print/comment.js";
 import { printEstree } from "./print/index.js";
diff --git a/src/language-json/massage-ast/index.js b/src/language-json/massage-ast/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca6bc52df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/language-json/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { getRaw } from "../utilities.js";
+
+const ignoredProperties = new Set([
+  "start",
+  "end",
+  "loc",
+  "comments",
+  "leadingComments",
+  "trailingComments",
+  "innerComments",
+  "errors",
+  "range",
+  "tokens",
+]);
+
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned /* , parent*/) {
+  const { type } = original;
+
+  // We print quoted key
+  if (type === "ObjectProperty") {
+    const { key } = original;
+    if (key.type === "Identifier") {
+      const { name } = key;
+      cloned.key = {
+        type: "StringLiteral",
+        value: name,
+        extra: { rawValue: name },
+      };
+    } else if (key.type === "NumericLiteral") {
+      const raw = getRaw(key);
+      if (String(Number(raw)) === raw) {
+        cloned.key = {
+          type: "StringLiteral",
+          value: raw,
+          extra: { rawValue: raw },
+        };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (type === "StringLiteral") {
+    // We only remove `\` before `"`, but it's hard to detect if it's escaped
+    delete cloned.extra.raw;
+  }
+
+  if (type === "UnaryExpression" && original.operator === "+") {
+    return cloned.argument;
+  }
+
+  if (type === "ArrayExpression" || type === "ObjectExpression") {
+    cloned.extra ??= {};
+    if (original.extra?.trailingComma) {
+      delete cloned.extra.trailingComma;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We print holes in array as `null`
+  if (type === "ArrayExpression") {
+    for (const [index, element] of original.elements.entries()) {
+      if (element === null) {
+        cloned.elements.splice(index, 0, { type: "NullLiteral" });
+      }
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // We print `TemplateLiteral` as string
+  if (type === "TemplateLiteral") {
+    const value = original.quasis[0].value.cooked;
+    return {
+      type: "StringLiteral",
+      value,
+      extra: { rawValue: value },
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
+
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-json/print/json.js b/src/language-json/print/json.js
index e4c8126b0..64019d19e 100644
--- a/src/language-json/print/json.js
+++ b/src/language-json/print/json.js
@@ -74,80 +74,4 @@ function isObjectKey(path) {
   return path.key === "key" && path.parent.type === "ObjectProperty";
 }
 
-const ignoredProperties = new Set([
-  "start",
-  "end",
-  "loc",
-  "comments",
-  "leadingComments",
-  "trailingComments",
-  "innerComments",
-  "errors",
-  "range",
-  "tokens",
-]);
-
-function clean(original, cloned /* , parent*/) {
-  const { type } = original;
-
-  // We print quoted key
-  if (type === "ObjectProperty") {
-    const { key } = original;
-    if (key.type === "Identifier") {
-      const { name } = key;
-      cloned.key = {
-        type: "StringLiteral",
-        value: name,
-        extra: { rawValue: name },
-      };
-    } else if (key.type === "NumericLiteral") {
-      const raw = getRaw(key);
-      if (String(Number(raw)) === raw) {
-        cloned.key = {
-          type: "StringLiteral",
-          value: raw,
-          extra: { rawValue: raw },
-        };
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (type === "StringLiteral") {
-    // We only remove `\` before `"`, but it's hard to detect if it's escaped
-    delete cloned.extra.raw;
-  }
-
-  if (type === "UnaryExpression" && original.operator === "+") {
-    return cloned.argument;
-  }
-
-  if (type === "ArrayExpression" || type === "ObjectExpression") {
-    cloned.extra ??= {};
-    if (original.extra?.trailingComma) {
-      delete cloned.extra.trailingComma;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // We print holes in array as `null`
-  if (type === "ArrayExpression") {
-    for (const [index, element] of original.elements.entries()) {
-      if (element === null) {
-        cloned.elements.splice(index, 0, { type: "NullLiteral" });
-      }
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  // We print `TemplateLiteral` as string
-  if (type === "TemplateLiteral") {
-    const value = original.quasis[0].value.cooked;
-    return {
-      type: "StringLiteral",
-      value,
-      extra: { rawValue: value },
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
-
-export { clean, printJson };
+export { printJson };
diff --git a/src/language-json/printers.js b/src/language-json/printers.js
index e82139fef..b69934a23 100644
--- a/src/language-json/printers.js
+++ b/src/language-json/printers.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { printJson } from "./print/index.js";
-import { clean as massageAstNode } from "./print/json.js";
 
 const estreeJsonPrinter = {
   massageAstNode,
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/clean.js b/src/language-markdown/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 88%
rename from src/language-markdown/clean.js
rename to src/language-markdown/massage-ast/index.js
index a3a0d1ee1..5ff81f857 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import collapseWhiteSpace from "collapse-white-space";
-import { isFrontMatter } from "../main/front-matter/index.js";
-import { hasPragma } from "./pragma.js";
+import { isFrontMatter } from "../../main/front-matter/index.js";
+import { hasPragma } from "../pragma.js";
 
 const ignoredProperties = new Set([
   "position",
   "raw", // front-matter
 ]);
-function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned, parent) {
   // for codeblock
   if (
     original.type === "code" ||
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned, parent) {
   }
 }
 
-clean.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = ignoredProperties;
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-markdown/printers.js b/src/language-markdown/printers.js
index 036f0c9b2..0e653498e 100644
--- a/src/language-markdown/printers.js
+++ b/src/language-markdown/printers.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import clean from "./clean.js";
 import embed from "./embed.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import { printMdast, printPrettierIgnored } from "./print/index.js";
 import preprocess from "./print/preprocess.js";
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const printer = {
   preprocess,
   print: printMdast,
   embed,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   hasPrettierIgnore,
   insertPragma,
   getVisitorKeys,
diff --git a/src/language-yaml/clean.js b/src/language-yaml/massage-ast/index.js
similarity index 83%
rename from src/language-yaml/clean.js
rename to src/language-yaml/massage-ast/index.js
index 41145f1f3..8415a9285 100644
--- a/src/language-yaml/clean.js
+++ b/src/language-yaml/massage-ast/index.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { isPragma } from "./pragma.js";
+import { isPragma } from "../pragma.js";
 
-function clean(original, cloned /* , parent */) {
+function massageAstNode(original, cloned /* , parent */) {
   switch (original.type) {
     case "comment":
       // insert pragma
@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ function clean(original, cloned /* , parent */) {
       break;
   }
 }
-clean.ignoredProperties = new Set(["position"]);
+massageAstNode.ignoredProperties = new Set(["position"]);
 
-export default clean;
+export { massageAstNode };
diff --git a/src/language-yaml/printer-yaml.js b/src/language-yaml/printer-yaml.js
index 2506bea7d..84da9b1ba 100644
--- a/src/language-yaml/printer-yaml.js
+++ b/src/language-yaml/printer-yaml.js
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ import {
 } from "../document/index.js";
 import isPreviousLineEmpty from "../utilities/is-previous-line-empty.js";
 import UnexpectedNodeError from "../utilities/unexpected-node-error.js";
-import clean from "./clean.js";
 import embed from "./embed.js";
 import getVisitorKeys from "./get-visitor-keys.js";
 import { locStart } from "./loc.js";
+import { massageAstNode } from "./massage-ast/index.js";
 import { insertPragma } from "./pragma.js";
 import printBlock from "./print/block.js";
 import {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ const printer = {
   preprocess,
   embed,
   print: genericPrint,
-  massageAstNode: clean,
+  massageAstNode,
   insertPragma,
   getVisitorKeys,
 };