diff --git a/changelog_unreleased/api/12748.md b/changelog_unreleased/api/12748.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f3943463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog_unreleased/api/12748.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#### [HIGHLIGHT] Support plugin with async parse function (#12748 by @fisker)
+
+[`parse` function](https://prettier.io/docs/en/plugins.html#parsers) in plugin can return a [Promise](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) now.
+
+<!-- TODO: Discuss this before v3 release -->
+
+Note: Since [`embed` functions in plugin](https://prettier.io/docs/en/plugins.html#optional-embed) are still sync, plugins with async parser can't be used to format embed code.
diff --git a/docs/plugins.md b/docs/plugins.md
index 92bc40a29..ec8877bb6 100644
--- a/docs/plugins.md
+++ b/docs/plugins.md
@@ -121,7 +121,11 @@ export const parsers = {
 The signature of the `parse` function is:
 
 ```ts
-function parse(text: string, parsers: object, options: object): AST;
+function parse(
+  text: string,
+  parsers: object,
+  options: object
+): Promise<AST> | AST;
 ```
 
 The location extraction functions (`locStart` and `locEnd`) return the starting and ending locations of a given AST node:
diff --git a/src/cli/format.js b/src/cli/format.js
index c904f395e..95554d035 100644
--- a/src/cli/format.js
+++ b/src/cli/format.js
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ import { promises as fs } from "node:fs";
 import path from "node:path";
 import chalk from "chalk";
 import prettier from "../index.js";
-import { getStdin } from "../common/third-party.cjs";
+import thirdParty from "../common/third-party.cjs";
 import { createIgnorer, errors } from "./prettier-internal.js";
 import { expandPatterns, fixWindowsSlashes } from "./expand-patterns.js";
 import getOptionsForFile from "./options/get-options-for-file.js";
 import isTTY from "./is-tty.js";
 
+const { getStdin } = thirdParty;
+
 let createTwoFilesPatch;
 async function diff(a, b) {
   if (!createTwoFilesPatch) {
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ async function format(context, input, opt) {
   }
 
   if (context.argv.debugPrintDoc) {
-    const doc = prettier.__debug.printToDoc(input, opt);
+    const doc = await prettier.__debug.printToDoc(input, opt);
     return { formatted: (await prettier.__debug.formatDoc(doc)) + "\n" };
   }
 
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ async function format(context, input, opt) {
   }
 
   if (context.argv.debugPrintAst) {
-    const { ast } = prettier.__debug.parse(input, opt);
+    const { ast } = await prettier.__debug.parse(input, opt);
     return {
       formatted: JSON.stringify(ast),
     };
@@ -139,10 +141,10 @@ async function format(context, input, opt) {
     } else {
       const stringify = (obj) => JSON.stringify(obj, null, 2);
       const ast = stringify(
-        prettier.__debug.parse(input, opt, /* massage */ true).ast
+        (await prettier.__debug.parse(input, opt, /* massage */ true)).ast
       );
       const past = stringify(
-        prettier.__debug.parse(pp, opt, /* massage */ true).ast
+        (await prettier.__debug.parse(pp, opt, /* massage */ true)).ast
       );
 
       /* istanbul ignore next */
diff --git a/src/main/core.js b/src/main/core.js
index 4820f6640..a3da2d9c1 100644
--- a/src/main/core.js
+++ b/src/main/core.js
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ function attachComments(text, ast, opts) {
   return astComments;
 }
 
-function coreFormat(originalText, opts, addAlignmentSize = 0) {
+async function coreFormat(originalText, opts, addAlignmentSize = 0) {
   if (!originalText || originalText.trim().length === 0) {
     return { formatted: "", cursorOffset: -1, comments: [] };
   }
 
-  const { ast, text } = parse(originalText, opts);
+  const { ast, text } = await parse(originalText, opts);
 
   if (opts.cursorOffset >= 0) {
     const nodeResult = findNodeAtOffset(ast, opts.cursorOffset, opts);
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ function coreFormat(originalText, opts, addAlignmentSize = 0) {
   };
 }
 
-function formatRange(originalText, opts) {
-  const { ast, text } = parse(originalText, opts);
+async function formatRange(originalText, opts) {
+  const { ast, text } = await parse(originalText, opts);
   const { rangeStart, rangeEnd } = calculateRange(text, opts, ast);
   const rangeString = text.slice(rangeStart, rangeEnd);
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ function formatRange(originalText, opts) {
 
   const alignmentSize = getAlignmentSize(indentString, opts.tabWidth);
 
-  const rangeResult = coreFormat(
+  const rangeResult = await coreFormat(
     rangeString,
     {
       ...opts,
@@ -275,7 +275,6 @@ function hasPragma(text, options) {
   return !selectedParser.hasPragma || selectedParser.hasPragma(text);
 }
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line require-await
 async function formatWithCursor(originalText, originalOptions) {
   let { hasBOM, text, options } = normalizeInputAndOptions(
     originalText,
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ async function formatWithCursor(originalText, originalOptions) {
   let result;
 
   if (options.rangeStart > 0 || options.rangeEnd < text.length) {
-    result = formatRange(text, options);
+    result = await formatRange(text, options);
   } else {
     if (
       !options.requirePragma &&
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ async function formatWithCursor(originalText, originalOptions) {
     ) {
       text = options.printer.insertPragma(text);
     }
-    result = coreFormat(text, options);
+    result = await coreFormat(text, options);
   }
 
   if (hasBOM) {
@@ -323,12 +322,12 @@ async function formatWithCursor(originalText, originalOptions) {
 const prettier = {
   formatWithCursor,
 
-  parse(originalText, originalOptions, massage) {
+  async parse(originalText, originalOptions, massage) {
     const { text, options } = normalizeInputAndOptions(
       originalText,
       normalizeOptions(originalOptions)
     );
-    const parsed = parse(text, options);
+    const parsed = await parse(text, options);
     if (massage) {
       parsed.ast = massageAST(parsed.ast, options);
     }
@@ -352,9 +351,9 @@ const prettier = {
     return formatted;
   },
 
-  printToDoc(originalText, options) {
+  async printToDoc(originalText, options) {
     options = normalizeOptions(options);
-    const { ast, text } = parse(originalText, options);
+    const { ast, text } = await parse(originalText, options);
     attachComments(text, ast, options);
     return printAstToDoc(ast, options);
   },
diff --git a/src/main/multiparser.js b/src/main/multiparser.js
index 44eec89e5..58d0e4348 100644
--- a/src/main/multiparser.js
+++ b/src/main/multiparser.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { stripTrailingHardline } from "../document/utils.js";
 import { normalize } from "./options.js";
 import { ensureAllCommentsPrinted, attach } from "./comments.js";
-import { parse } from "./parser.js";
+import { parseSync } from "./parser.js";
 
 function printSubtree(path, print, options, printAstToDoc) {
   if (options.printer.embed && options.embeddedLanguageFormatting === "auto") {
@@ -39,8 +39,13 @@ function textToDoc(
     { passThrough: true }
   );
 
-  const result = parse(text, nextOptions);
+  const result = parseSync(text, nextOptions);
   const { ast } = result;
+
+  if (typeof ast?.then === "function") {
+    throw new TypeError("async parse is not supported in embed");
+  }
+
   text = result.text;
 
   const astComments = ast.comments;
diff --git a/src/main/parser.js b/src/main/parser.js
index 7953ee134..997d9c087 100644
--- a/src/main/parser.js
+++ b/src/main/parser.js
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function requireParser(parser) {
   }
 }
 
-function parse(text, opts) {
+function callPluginParseFunction(originalText, opts) {
   const parsers = getParsers(opts);
 
   // Create a new object {parserName: parseFn}. Uses defineProperty() to only call
@@ -91,27 +91,44 @@ function parse(text, opts) {
   const parser = resolveParser(opts, parsers);
 
   try {
-    if (parser.preprocess) {
-      text = parser.preprocess(text, opts);
-    }
+    const text = parser.preprocess
+      ? parser.preprocess(originalText, opts)
+      : originalText;
+    const result = parser.parse(text, parsersForCustomParserApi, opts);
 
-    return {
-      text,
-      ast: parser.parse(text, parsersForCustomParserApi, opts),
-    };
+    return { text, result };
   } catch (error) {
-    const { loc } = error;
-
-    if (loc) {
-      const { codeFrameColumns } = require("@babel/code-frame");
-      error.codeFrame = codeFrameColumns(text, loc, { highlightCode: true });
-      error.message += "\n" + error.codeFrame;
-      throw error;
-    }
-
-    /* istanbul ignore next */
-    throw error.stack;
+    handleParseError(error, originalText);
   }
 }
 
-export { parse, resolveParser };
+function handleParseError(error, text) {
+  const { loc } = error;
+
+  if (loc) {
+    const { codeFrameColumns } = require("@babel/code-frame");
+    error.codeFrame = codeFrameColumns(text, loc, { highlightCode: true });
+    error.message += "\n" + error.codeFrame;
+    throw error;
+  }
+
+  /* istanbul ignore next */
+  throw error.stack;
+}
+
+async function parse(originalText, opts) {
+  const { text, result } = callPluginParseFunction(originalText, opts);
+
+  try {
+    return { text, ast: await result };
+  } catch (error) {
+    handleParseError(error, originalText);
+  }
+}
+
+function parseSync(originalText, opts) {
+  const { text, result } = callPluginParseFunction(originalText, opts);
+  return { text, ast: result };
+}
+
+export { parse, parseSync, resolveParser };
diff --git a/tests/config/format-test.js b/tests/config/format-test.js
index 8925b4b60..94fea05b7 100644
--- a/tests/config/format-test.js
+++ b/tests/config/format-test.js
@@ -375,8 +375,8 @@ async function runTest({
   // Some parsers skip parsing empty files
   if (formatResult.changed && code.trim()) {
     const { input, output } = formatResult;
-    const originalAst = parse(input, formatOptions);
-    const formattedAst = parse(output, formatOptions);
+    const originalAst = await parse(input, formatOptions);
+    const formattedAst = await parse(output, formatOptions);
     if (isAstUnstableTest) {
       expect(formattedAst).not.toEqual(originalAst);
     } else {
@@ -431,8 +431,13 @@ function shouldSkipEolTest(code, options) {
   return false;
 }
 
-function parse(source, options) {
-  return prettier.__debug.parse(source, options, /* massage */ true).ast;
+async function parse(source, options) {
+  const { ast } = await prettier.__debug.parse(
+    source,
+    options,
+    /* massage */ true
+  );
+  return ast;
 }
 
 const indexProperties = [
diff --git a/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/index.cjs b/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6ce91c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const name = "async-parser";
+
+module.exports = {
+  languages: [
+    {
+      name,
+      parsers: [name],
+    },
+  ],
+  parsers: {
+    [name]: {
+      parse: (text) => Promise.resolve({ text, isAsyncParserPluginAst: true }),
+      astFormat: name,
+      locStart() {},
+      locEnd() {},
+    },
+  },
+  printers: {
+    [name]: {
+      print(path) {
+        if (!path.getNode().isAsyncParserPluginAst) {
+          throw new Error("Unexpected parse result.");
+        }
+
+        return "Formatted by async-parser plugin";
+      },
+      massageAstNode() {
+        return { text: "AST text value placeholder" };
+      },
+    },
+  },
+};
diff --git a/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/package.json b/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9a1ccd2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "private": true,
+  "name": "prettier-plugin-async-parser",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "main": "./index.cjs"
+}
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2efbc9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Jest Snapshot v1, https://goo.gl/fbAQLP
+
+exports[`async-parser.txt format 1`] = `
+====================================options=====================================
+parsers: ["async-parser"]
+printWidth: 80
+                                                                                | printWidth
+=====================================input======================================
+A text will format as "Formatted by async-parser plugin".
+
+=====================================output=====================================
+Formatted by async-parser plugin
+================================================================================
+`;
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/async-parser.txt b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/async-parser.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..951b30c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/async-parser.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A text will format as "Formatted by async-parser plugin".
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4d6b23b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import createEsmUtils from "esm-utils";
+
+const { require } = createEsmUtils(import.meta);
+
+const plugins = [
+  require("../../../../config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/index.cjs"),
+];
+
+run_spec(import.meta, ["async-parser"], { plugins });
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..151c0ea16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/__snapshots__/jsfmt.spec.js.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Jest Snapshot v1, https://goo.gl/fbAQLP
+
+exports[`async-parser.txt format 1`] = `
+====================================options=====================================
+parsers: ["async-parser"]
+printWidth: 80
+                                                                                | printWidth
+=====================================input======================================
+A text will format as "Formatted by async-parser plugin".
+
+=====================================output=====================================
+Formatted by async-parser plugin
+================================================================================
+`;
+
+exports[`with-aync-parser-code-block.md format 1`] = `
+====================================options=====================================
+parsers: ["markdown"]
+printWidth: 80
+                                                                                | printWidth
+=====================================input======================================
+\`\`\`async-parser
+Since we don't allow async parser in embed format, so this will not be changed.
+\`\`\`
+
+\`\`\`uppercase-rocks
+This text should be uppercased.
+\`\`\`
+
+=====================================output=====================================
+\`\`\`async-parser
+Since we don't allow async parser in embed format, so this will not be changed.
+\`\`\`
+
+\`\`\`uppercase-rocks
+THIS TEXT SHOULD BE UPPERCASED.
+\`\`\`
+
+================================================================================
+`;
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86c1e6b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/jsfmt.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import createEsmUtils from "esm-utils";
+
+const { require } = createEsmUtils(import.meta);
+
+const plugins = [
+  require("../../../../config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-async-parser/index.cjs"),
+  require("../../../../config/prettier-plugins/prettier-plugin-uppercase-rocks/index.cjs"),
+];
+
+run_spec(import.meta, ["markdown"], { plugins });
diff --git a/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/with-aync-parser-code-block.md b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/with-aync-parser-code-block.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66dd689df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/format/misc/plugins/embed-async-parser/with-aync-parser-code-block.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+```async-parser
+Since we don't allow async parser in embed format, so this will not be changed.
+```
+
+```uppercase-rocks
+This text should be uppercased.
+```
diff --git a/tests/integration/__tests__/debug-api.js b/tests/integration/__tests__/debug-api.js
index 2ca99d135..bf9c48fb6 100644
--- a/tests/integration/__tests__/debug-api.js
+++ b/tests/integration/__tests__/debug-api.js
@@ -16,17 +16,22 @@ const formatted = 'const foo = "bar";\n';
 const options = { parser: "babel", originalText: code };
 
 describe("API", () => {
-  const { ast } = parse(code, options);
+  let ast;
+  let doc;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    ({ ast } = await parse(code, options));
+    doc = await printToDoc(code, options);
+  });
+
   test("prettier.parse", () => {
     expect(Array.isArray(ast.program.body)).toBe(true);
   });
 
-  const { formatted: formatResultFromAST } = formatAST(ast, options);
   test("prettier.formatAST", () => {
+    const { formatted: formatResultFromAST } = formatAST(ast, options);
     expect(formatResultFromAST).toBe(formatted);
   });
 
-  const doc = printToDoc(code, options);
   test("prettier.printToDoc", (done) => {
     // If it's array, it's a `concat`
     if (!Array.isArray(doc)) {
@@ -36,8 +41,8 @@ describe("API", () => {
     done();
   });
 
-  const { formatted: stringFromDoc } = printDocToString(doc, options);
   test("prettier.printDocToString", () => {
+    const { formatted: stringFromDoc } = printDocToString(doc, options);
     expect(stringFromDoc).toBe(formatted);
   });
 
diff --git a/website/static/worker.js b/website/static/worker.js
index 0988563c7..e9521a08e 100644
--- a/website/static/worker.js
+++ b/website/static/worker.js
@@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ async function handleMessage(message) {
       let ast;
       let errored = false;
       try {
-        ast = serializeAst(prettier.__debug.parse(message.code, options).ast);
+        ast = serializeAst(
+          (await prettier.__debug.parse(message.code, options)).ast
+        );
       } catch (e) {
         errored = true;
         ast = String(e);
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ async function handleMessage(message) {
     if (message.debug.doc) {
       try {
         response.debug.doc = await prettier.__debug.formatDoc(
-          prettier.__debug.printToDoc(message.code, options),
+          await prettier.__debug.printToDoc(message.code, options),
           { parser: "babel", plugins }
         );
       } catch (e) {